# ExtendedBinnedNLL¶

class zfit.loss.ExtendedBinnedNLL(model, data, constraints=None, options=None)[source]

Bases: zfit._loss.binnedloss.BaseBinned

Extended binned likelihood using the expected number of events per bin with a poisson probability.

​A scaled Poisson distribution is used as described by Bohm and Zech, NIMA 748 (2014) 1-6​

The binned likelihood is defined as

$\mathcal{L} = \product \mathcal{poiss}(N_{modelbin_i}, N_{databin_i}) = N_{databin_i}^{N_{modelbin_i}} \frac{e^{- N_{databin_i}}}{N_{modelbin_i}!}$

where $$databin_i$$ is the $$i^{th}$$ bin in the data and $$modelbin_i$$ is the $$i^{th}$$ bin of the model, the expected counts.

​A simultaneous fit can be performed by giving one or more model, data, to the loss. The length of each has to match the length of the others

$\mathcal{L}_{simultaneous}(\theta | {data_0, data_1, ..., data_n}) = \prod_{i} \mathcal{L}(\theta_i, data_i)$

where $$\theta_i$$ is a set of parameters and a subset of $$\theta$$

​For optimization purposes, it is often easier to minimize a function and to use a log transformation. The actual loss is given by

$\mathcal{L} = - \sum_{i}^{n} ln(f(\theta|x_i))$

and therefore being called “negative log …”​

Args:

model:​Binned PDF(s) that return the normalized probability

(rel_counts or counts) for data under the given parameters. If multiple model and data are given, they will be used in the same order to do a simultaneous fit.​

data:​Binned dataset that will be given to the model.

If multiple model and data are given, they will be used in the same order to do a simultaneous fit.​

constraints:​Auxiliary measurements (“constraints”)

that add a likelihood term to the loss.

$\mathcal{L}(\theta) = \mathcal{L}_{unconstrained} \prod_{i} f_{constr_i}(\theta)$

Usually, an auxiliary measurement – by its very nature -S should only be added once to the loss. zfit does not automatically deduplicate constraints if they are given multiple times, leaving the freedom for arbitrary constructs.

Constraints can also be used to restrict the loss by adding any kinds of penalties.​

options:​Additional options (as a dict) for the loss.

Current possibilities include:

• ‘subtr_const’ (default True): subtract from each points log probability density a constant that is approximately equal to the average log probability density in the very first evaluation before the summation. This brings the initial loss value closer to 0 and increases, especially for large datasets, the numerical stability.

The value will be stored ith ‘subtr_const_value’ and can also be given directly.

The subtraction should not affect the minimum as the absolute value of the NLL is meaningless. However, with this switch on, one cannot directly compare different likelihoods ablolute value as the constant may differ! Use create_new in order to have a comparable likelihood between different losses

These settings may extend over time. In order to make sure that a loss is the same under the same data, make sure to use create_new instead of instantiating a new loss as the former will automatically overtake any relevant constants and behavior.​

__call__(_x=None)

Calculate the loss value with the given input for the free parameters.

Parameters

*positional* – Array-like argument to set the parameters. The order of the values correspond to the position of the parameters in get_params() (called without any arguments). For more detailed control, it is always possible to wrap value() and set the desired parameters manually.

Return type

Tensor

Returns

Calculated loss value as a scalar.

Add dependencies that render the cache invalid if they change.

Parameters
• cache_deps (Union[ForwardRef, Iterable[ForwardRef]]) –

• allow_non_cachable (bool) – If True, allow cache_dependents to be non-cachables. If False, any cache_dependents that is not a ZfitCachable will raise an error.

Raises

TypeError – if one of the cache_dependents is not a ZfitCachable _and_ allow_non_cachable if False.

create_new(model=None, data=None, constraints=None, options=None)

Create a new binned loss of this type. This is preferrable over creating a new instance in most cases.

Internals, such as certain optimizations will be shared and therefore the loss is made comparable.

If something is not given, it will be taken from the current loss.

Args:

model:​Binned PDF(s) that return the normalized probability

(rel_counts or counts) for data under the given parameters. If multiple model and data are given, they will be used in the same order to do a simultaneous fit.​

data:​Binned dataset that will be given to the model.

If multiple model and data are given, they will be used in the same order to do a simultaneous fit.​

constraints:​Auxiliary measurements (“constraints”)

that add a likelihood term to the loss.

$\mathcal{L}(\theta) = \mathcal{L}_{unconstrained} \prod_{i} f_{constr_i}(\theta)$

Usually, an auxiliary measurement – by its very nature -S should only be added once to the loss. zfit does not automatically deduplicate constraints if they are given multiple times, leaving the freedom for arbitrary constructs.

Constraints can also be used to restrict the loss by adding any kinds of penalties.​

options:​Additional options (as a dict) for the loss.

Current possibilities include:

• ‘subtr_const’ (default True): subtract from each points log probability density a constant that is approximately equal to the average log probability density in the very first evaluation before the summation. This brings the initial loss value closer to 0 and increases, especially for large datasets, the numerical stability.

The value will be stored ith ‘subtr_const_value’ and can also be given directly.

The subtraction should not affect the minimum as the absolute value of the NLL is meaningless. However, with this switch on, one cannot directly compare different likelihoods ablolute value as the constant may differ! Use create_new in order to have a comparable likelihood between different losses

These settings may extend over time. In order to make sure that a loss is the same under the same data, make sure to use create_new instead of instantiating a new loss as the former will automatically overtake any relevant constants and behavior.​

Returns:

property dtype: tensorflow.python.framework.dtypes.DType

The dtype of the object.

Return type

DType

get_cache_deps(only_floating=True)

Return a set of all independent Parameter that this object depends on.

Parameters

only_floating (bool) – If True, only return floating Parameter

Return type

OrderedSet

get_dependencies(only_floating=True)

DEPRECATED FUNCTION

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use get_params instead if you want to retrieve the independent parameters or get_cache_deps in case you need the numerical cache dependents (advanced).

get_params(floating=True, is_yield=None, extract_independent=True, only_floating=<class 'zfit.util.checks.NotSpecified'>)

Recursively collect parameters that this object depends on according to the filter criteria.

Which parameters should be included can be steered using the arguments as a filter.
• None: do not filter on this. E.g. floating=None will return parameters that are floating as well as

parameters that are fixed.

• True: only return parameters that fulfil this criterion

• False: only return parameters that do not fulfil this criterion. E.g. floating=False will return

only parameters that are not floating.

Parameters
• floating (Optional[bool]) – if a parameter is floating, e.g. if floating() returns True

• is_yield (Optional[bool]) – if a parameter is a yield of the _current_ model. This won’t be applied recursively, but may include yields if they do also represent a parameter parametrizing the shape. So if the yield of the current model depends on other yields (or also non-yields), this will be included. If, however, just submodels depend on a yield (as their yield) and it is not correlated to the output of our model, they won’t be included.

• extract_independent (Optional[bool]) – If the parameter is an independent parameter, i.e. if it is a ZfitIndependentParameter.

Return type

Set[ZfitParameter]

DEPRECATED FUNCTION

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use gradient instead.

register_cacher(cacher)

Register a cacher that caches values produces by this instance; a dependent.

Parameters

cacher (Union[ForwardRef, Iterable[ForwardRef]]) –

reset_cache_self()

Clear the cache of self and all dependent cachers.

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use value_gradient instead.
Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use value_gradient_hessian instead.