# Data¶

An easy and fast data manipulation are among the crucial aspects in High Energy Particle physics data analysis. With the increasing data availability (e.g. with the advent of LHC), this challenge has been pursued in different manners. Common strategies vary from multidimensional arrays with attached row/column labels (e.g. DataFrame in pandas) or compressed binary formats (e.g. ROOT). While each of these data structure designs has their own advantages in terms of speed and acessibility, the data concept inplemented in zfit follows closely the features of DataFrame in pandas.

The Data class provides a simple and structured access/manipulation of data – similarly to concept of multidimensional arrays approach from pandas. The key feature of Data is its relation to the Space or more explicitly its axis or name. A more equally convention is to name the role of the Space in this context as the observable under investigation. Note that no explicit range for the Space is required at the moment of the data definition, since this is only required at the moment some calculation is needed (e.g. integrals, fits, etc).

## Import dataset from a ROOT file¶

With the proliferation of the ROOT framework in the context of particle physics, it is often the case that the user will have access to a ROOT file in their analysis. A simple method has been used to handle this conversion:

>>> data = zfit.Data.from_root(root_file,
...                                root_tree,
...                                branches)


where root_file is the path to the ROOT file, root_tree is the tree name and branches are the list (or a single) of branches that the user wants to import from the ROOT file.

From the default conversion of the dataset there are two optional funcionalities for the user, i.e. the use of weights and the rename of the specified branches. The nominal structure follows:

>>> data = zfit.Data.from_root(root_file,
...                                root_tree,
...                                branches,
...                                branches_alias=None,
...                                weights=None)


The branches_alias can be seen as a list of strings that renames the original branches. The weights has two different implementations: (1) either a 1-D column is provided with shape equals to the data (nevents) or (2) a column of the ROOT file by using a string corresponding to a column. Note that in case of multiple weights are required, the weight manipulation has to be performed by the user beforehand, e.g. using Numpy/pandas or similar.

Note

The implementation of the from_root method makes uses of the uproot packages, which uses Numpy to cast bocks of data from the ROOT file as Numpy arrays in time optimised manner. This also means that the goodies from uproot can also be used by specifying the root_dir_options, such as cuts in the dataset. However, this can be applied later when examining the produced dataset and it is the advised implementation of this.

## Import dataset from a pandas DataFrame or Numpy ndarray¶

A very simple manipulation of the dataset is provided via the pandas DataFrame. Naturally this is simplified since the Space (observable) is not mandatory, and can be obtained directly from the columns:

>>> data = zfit.Data.from_pandas(pandas_DataFrame,
...                                   obs=None,
...                                   weights=None)


In the case of Numpy, the only difference is that as input is required a numpy ndarray and the Space (obs) is mandatory:

>>> data = zfit.Data.from_numpy(numpy_ndarray,
...                                  obs,
...                                  weights=None)